Last updated on August 23rd, 2023 at 11:59 am
It beggars modern belief just how much London – well, pretty much everywhere in Europe, I guess – was once dominated by the Church. Did you know there were more than one hundred parish churches within or just outside the boundaries of medieval London? No, neither did I; staggering, isn’t it? Plus the great religious houses, of course. Many of these places have left their names and other memories behind, one way or another. An obvious example is Blackfriars, on the western fringe of the City of London, named for the Dominican order that once had its London monastery on the east bank of the River Fleet. On the opposite bank of the Fleet, nestling between it and the Headquarters of the Knights Templar, was the London home of the Carmelite White Friars. Today, Whitefriars Street runs south from Fleet Street, becoming Carmelite Street just before it meets the Thames at Victoria Embankment. And you can find the only visible remains of London’s White Friars in the basement of an ugly, modern, office block nearby. How it got there is part of this neighbourhood’s long and varied history.
The story begins, as they so often do, long ago and far away. In or around the year 1150, at the time of the Crusades, a small group of Christian hermits (presumably, ex-hermits) came together to found a new religious order on Mount Carmel in Palestine – now in Israel. The Carmelite order grew, and began to spread to Europe, before being forced to flee the Holy Land altogether when Acre fell to the Mamluk Army in 1291. A small group of Carmelites reached England in 1242. Eventually some 40 Carmelite communities were established across Britain, where, because on formal occasions they wore white mantels over their brown habits, they became known as the White Friars.
The White Friars first built a small chapel in London in about 1253. It was just outside the western City boundary, south of Fleet Street, and was replaced with a larger building a century later. In time, the Carmelite priory expanded to occupy the land bounded by Fleet Street in the north and the Thames to the south, with Whitefriars Street (which used to be called Water Lane) and Temple Lane to the east and west. It’s almost impossible to imagine what today’s modern built-up area looked like in the 13th century, when the White Friars first arrived; presumably, it was semi-rural, and they were the first to seriously develop it – though it’s possible the Romans had something nearby. Old and New London (published in 1878 and quoted by British History Online) describes Whitefriars, somewhat idyllically, “with broad gardens, where the white friars might stroll, and with shady nooks where they might con their missals”.
You catch tantalising glimpses of Whitefriars in medieval London. For example, John Brome, wealthy lawyer and one-time owner of Baddesley Clinton in Warwickshire, was murdered in the church porch in 1468. Modern Bouverie Street runs through where this large priory church once stood. West and north of this, bounded by Lombard Lane – reputedly a dwelling place of lewd women at the time of Edward III – was the friars’ cemetery. South of the church were the cloisters, chapter house, dormitories – and so on. There was an impressive library, an infirmary, a small dock area and, almost certainly, a mill too. Life might have gone on at Whitefriars for another 300 years, had it not been for Henry VIII.
In 1538, Whitefriars Friary was dissolved on the orders of the King. Who knows what happened to the friars? The lands were parcelled off, with a big chunk going to the Royal Physician, Sir William Butts (or Butte), who had treated Anne Boleyn for the sweating sickness. However, Butts died in 1547 and, for some reason, the friary area seems to have quickly fallen into disrepair and become used for cheap accommodation. It is said that the great steeple of the church had been toppled just seven years after the dissolution. In the absence of the White Friars, no one was really sure who was responsible for the area of their old friary. The new inhabitants rightly and successfully claimed it to be outside the jurisdiction of the City of London, and maintained the right of legal sanctuary previously held by the Friary.
So, White Friars, largely ungoverned and ungovernable, transformed into a sad, hard area, notorious for criminals, and the criminalised. In the cant, or underworld jargon, of the time it became known as Alsatia, from Alsace, the disputed Rhineland territory between France and Germany which Brewer’s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable describes as “everlastingly the seat of war and the refuge of the disaffected.” Alsatia must have seemed an appropriate nickname – and a pretty awful place.
Areas like this, called Liberties, not subject to the tight control of the City of London, were magnets for actors and all manner of ne’er do wells – Southwark, across London Bridge, was just such a place. Thus White Friars also became a place for the theatre. In 1608, the friars’ old hall was converted to a playhouse, the Whitefriars Theatre, for boy players, where plays were staged until 1613. Nearby, from 1629 to 1649, was the Salisbury Court Theatre, built close to the former London residence of the Bishops of Salisbury. The theatre was closed during the Republic, but re-opened following the Restoration. A frequent visitor at that time was the diarist Samuel Pepys (1633-1703), who seems to have sometimes also referred to it as ‘White Friars’.
“1661.—To White-fryars, and saw The Bondman acted; an excellent play, and well done; but above all that I ever saw, Betterton do the Bondman the best.”
Thomas Betterton (1635-1710) was a leading actor of the day.
In the 1670s, John Banister, a former violinist at the court of Charles II, held what are believed to have been some of the first public concerts in Europe at his house in White Friars, charging a shilling entrance fee (which seems a bit steep to me).
Meanwhile, White Friars continued to enjoy – if that’s the right word – its reputation as Alsatia. In 1688, the poet and playwright Thomas Shadwell published a satirical play, The Squire of Alsatia. White Friars also featured in the novel Fortunes of Nigel by Sir Walter Scott, set in the first quarter of the 17th century. Although obviously written much later (it was published in 1822), Scott evidently knew the lawless reputation of the place. In 1697, some attempt was made by the authorities to control what they saw as the worst excesses of White Friars, but it seems to have continued being a desperate, anarchic, kind of place where those struggling to survive were condemned to a mean, squalid, existence. Not far away was Bridewell Prison – previously Bridewell Palace. Dickens mentions Whitefriars several times, including the intriguingly named Hanging Sword Alley, which still runs between Whitefriars Street and Salisbury Square today. It is thought to be named after a fencing school that once stood there – well-placed, given the likely need to defend yourself when venturing into Alsatia; it was previously known as Blood Bowl Alley – apparently Blood Bowl House was a place of ill-repute and features in a Hogarth engraving, where Tom Idle is betrayed by his whore. Why ‘Blood Bowl’, I wonder? – perhaps it used to belong to a physician.
Among the other heirs to the White Friars was a gas works, once a common sight in Britain’s cities, which presumably needed a large area to store coal, and a well-known glass-maker. Whitefriars Glass had 17th century roots, but became a leading manufacturer of church glass in the 19th century, later diversifying into domestic and decorative ware, and then specialist glass products for industry. Whitefriars Glass moved to a new factory in the 1920s and was bought by Caithness Glass in 1981.
Meanwhile, Whitefriars became caught up in the newspaper business. The Fleet Street area had an association with printing and publishing since the early 16th century. England’s first daily newspaper, the Daily Courant, was established next to the open sewer of the River Fleet in 1702. In the 20th century, the area became synonymous with Britain’s national newspapers, most of which had offices on Fleet Street itself, or nearby. Associated Newspapers, owners of the Daily Mail, (Britain’s first popular daily newspaper, launched in 1896) and the London Evening News, had offices and printing works on Whitefriars Street and Carmelite Street. The News of the World and the Sun were based at 30 Bouverie Street. In 1986, Rupert Murdoch, owner of News International, began the general evacuation of the newspaper industry from Fleet Street by relocating his London operation to more efficient facilities at Wapping, in the East End.
But what about the remains of the White Friars? Well, in 1896, the then owner of 4 Britton’s Court off Whitefriars Street was having his premises inspected prior to selling them. The agent’s representative noticed a Gothic vaulted ceiling in the basement. Accumulated rubbish, including the remains of coal that had been stored there, was cleared away to reveal part of a late 14th century crypt. The experts concluded that this was a section of cellar from the Prior’s house. The top of the ceiling was a couple of feet below ground level, the room was 12 feet square and with a small doorway, which it is thought once led into the friary grounds. A few years later, the site was purchased by the News of the World, whose owners decided to restore the crypt in the 1920s. They would also allow members of the public to see it, by prior arrangement. In the redevelopment that followed the departure of News International in the 1980s, however, it was decided that this last visible reminder of the White Friars was in an inconvenient place. So it was surrounded by a steel cradle and lifted to a completely new position.
You will now find the last of White Friars Priory exhibited behind glass under an enormous modern office block, leased until 2021 to a law firm with the snappy name of Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer. Find Magpie Alley, which runs between Bouverie Street and Whitefriars Street. It is not on every map. From the Bouverie Street side, there is a tiled display giving a brief insight into Fleet Street’s publishing history. You’ll see a flight of steps going down ahead – this is Ashentree Court – and at the bottom of the steps you will find all that’s left of London’s White Friars. According to the plan displayed in the window, it’s just about where the friars’ reredorter (latrine) would have been.
It is not possible to go in, but access might be possible via Open House London – or possibly even by contacting Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer. Tell them you’d like to walk in the footsteps of the White Friars…
Does anyone know where the burials went? Looking for Richard Empson who was buried in Whitefriars’
I have been looking for his will forever (I came across a semblance of his thoughts about some possessions and put it in an article about him awhile ago). I snooped inside Whitefriars, with permission, just to get a feel for where he might have been — I wasn’t expecting a “Here lies the body of, etc.” engraving or tablet anywhere. I believe the remains of the crypt were relocated when building was in progress, so if there are things “below” they will remain there. Just like Edmund Dudley at Blackfriars, the resting places of these two henchmen of Henry VII are lost forever, although Dudley did leave us a very long will and other written thoughts to help paint a picture of him. Empson not so much.
Thanks for adding to the story!
Sorry, I can’t help with this – good luck!
Does anyone know where THE GEORGE was located in Whitefriars? I think that the building was later the site of William Bowyer’s print shop. My direct ancestor lived on Dogwell Court.
Thanks for dropping in. I’m afraid I can’t add to anything you can already find online, but hopefully someone else can. Good luck!
Very interesting article,I – also worked in the press room of the Sun newspaper and regret not trying harder to gain access to the remains of ‘ Whitefriars monastery which as John King (above) states was accessible through a door from some stone stairs running east to west giving entry to the machine room, however history is all around like Brideswell and Fleet prisons not forgetting the river Fleet which even had it’s own tide mill! Wish I knew more!!!
Chris Smith. (Nov 2020) ‘
Thanks, Chris. I remember watching a fascinating TV programme tracing the route of the Fleet. Just one of London’s hidden rivers. There are so many wonderful stories in London’s streets, that’s for sure!
I used to work in the pressroom of the Sun newspaper, and the crypt was located off one of the rear staircases. I do remember being shown where it was and wondered what had happened to it, when the building was demolished. I now know.
Delighted if it was helpful – and thanks very much for dropping in and leaving a comment.
Ex Excellent, thorough, scholarly but not stuffy.
Thank you, Ann; very flattering! Hope you enjoy some of the other articles too.
London has such an interesting history for a place that is known for its sophistication these days.
really interesting, the fragments of buildings that survive hidden in the modern world never cease to surprise me.
This looks like a really interesting place to visit!
Not much to see, CP, but fun to explore and try to figure out what used to be…
The hidden mysteries of London that you dig out for us. Amazing.
Hi Mike – as the others have said … an amazing write up – what I picked up … was Thomas Shadwell … is that why the area in east London is called Shadwell – of course I had to look … and now I could write loads … just so fascinating is our history, language and etymology etc …
I know where to come when I get back home … as to places to visit and see – cheers Hilary
Another delightful piece of London History. Well done to the company that decided to keep it and restore the crypt.
I believe – and no doubt someone will correct me if I am wrong – that ‘con’ means ‘study’ an a ‘missal’ is a prayer book or some similar religious document. So they were studying their scriptures.
Thanks, Frank; I knew ‘missal’, it was ‘con’ I didn’t know.
Another really interesting post, thank you
Really interesting post Mike. I’m not surprised about the churches. When settlements first appeared it seemed taverns and churches were the first buildings to appear. A shilling was a lot of money in those days.
How interesting! At the turn of the present millenium, I read a book called The Year 1000, by a fellow named Lacey, and what I remember above anything else is there was one priest for every ten souls in Britain. Amazing to think of in this time of a shortage of Catholic priests, at least in the U.S. Ah, me – as you said, had it not been for Henry VIII. 🙂 As for the White Friars, I suppose they took the oath, as it seems everyone but the Carthusians, Bishop Fisher and Thomas More did, unless they were able to get out of the country.
I’m surprised to know that the Dominicans were known as Blackfriars, since they wear white habits – it must be that they didn’t back then!
Imagine the employment the church provided in the middle ages – not to mention the social services. I believe the ‘black friars’ wore a black cape over their white habits.
very cool. Kudos for sharing.
Another beautifully written and evocative piece about our history. Once more, thank you.
More magnificent work. I had forgotten about Alsatia
Fascinating post Mike.
Thank you, Jgc! 🙂
Who knew the connection between Whitefriars and the newspaper business? And who knew that Fleet Street’s association with printing and publishing goes as far back as the early 16th century. Great stuff!
Fabulous post! Just one question. How does one con their missals?
Err – I confess I don’t know! Tried to find out – and failed.. anyone?
Hi Mike con is an old word for study. Missals catholic texts.
Thanks, Julie; it was the con I was struggling with..!
Old buildings are often inconveniently placed! Fortunately, these days landowners can’t often just demolish the offending structure but learn to put up with it or build around it. Not many go to the expense of removing the whole thing and putting it out of the way! Another well-researched and fascinating delve into Britain’s history. Thank-you, Mike.
An amazing amount of trouble to go to (and no doubt very expensive) – but I’m so glad they did, if it really was in the way… Mind you – City rents – say no more!
Really interesting. I didn’t know any of that. I’ll have to go and have a look now.
I didn’t know much, until I started; then it was hard to stop!
I wish I’d known all of this when I worked in the area at the turn of the century. In those days I knew only about Fleet Street and newspapers, although the newspapers were long gone. A bit further up Fleet Street you have the law firms and the wonderful shop that sells legal outfits.
I worked in Salisbury Square for a bit and didn’t even know about Hanging Sword Alley. That’s annoying. There are still lots of little alleys and passage ways around there, despite the blitz and modern buildings.
Oh – I worked in and around London for 25+ years and have learned more about it since not being there most days! And since starting this little project…
You do wonder what those original friars would have made of how much London has changed.
They’d probably be scared stiff.
No kidding, it’s fascinating!! Thank goodness for the 1896 discovery and that the British are much better about preserving bits of history than we are. Of course we have an infant history comparatively. I’ve noticed how many London street/alley names have to do with the church.
I think we’re better than we used to be; besides, it’s good business… 🙂
I guess you’ll have to do the Black Friars next to keep things in balance.
Very fascinating! I love how much history is hiding everywhere, even if you can’t always access it properly.
Yes – we’re surrounded by stories!
Fascinating stuff Mike!